Wide-area voltage violations occur at transfer levels near which limit?

Wide-area voltage violations are primarily associated with voltage stability limits within a power grid. When transfers occur near these limits, especially during high-demand situations or when there are significant changes in load, the system may struggle to maintain voltage levels across wide areas. The voltage stability limit reflects the system's ability to maintain steady voltage levels in response to disturbances or changes in load.

As the power transfer approaches this limit, the likelihood of voltage collapse increases, leading to voltage violations across a broad geographic region. In this context, a scenario involving a load dump thermal limit refers primarily to the capacity that a transmission line or equipment can handle in terms of thermal conditions rather than focusing specifically on voltage stability.

Maintaining proper voltage levels is crucial to ensure the reliability of the transmission network, as wide-area voltage violations can result in cascading failures, outages, or the inability to deliver power effectively. Therefore, it is the voltage stability limit that is directly relevant to understanding where these violations occur, highlighting the importance of this limit in operational planning and real-time grid management.