What is the typical forced outage rate considered in Black Start critical load requirements?

The correct choice reflects a typical forced outage rate of 5%, which is commonly used in the context of Black Start requirements for critical loads. Black Start capability is essential for the restoration of power systems after a complete blackout, and it involves specific resources that can start generating without the need for external power.

The 5% forced outage rate is considered reasonable because it accounts for the reliability and availability of the generation resources needed during these critical situations. Infrastructure and resources designated for Black Start must be dependable, as they play a crucial role in stabilizing the grid and ensuring that key systems can be energized first, which is particularly important for facilities that cannot afford prolonged outages, like hospitals or emergency services.

In contrast, the other options suggest higher rates (7%, 10%) or a lower rate (2%) that may not align with the practical operational expectations for such critical functions. A rate above 5% might indicate a level of unreliability that would not meet the stringent requirements for Black Start resources, while a lower rate like 2% could be too optimistic for a system that needs to account for several potential failure points during recovery efforts. Thus, the 5% value strikes a balance, appropriately reflecting the necessary reliability while accommodating real-world operational challenges